54 linh kiện điện tử phổ biến nhất và phương trình của chúng

Rank	Tên	Function	Physics Formula	Notes (Type, Applications)
1	Điện Trở	Limits the electric current that can flow through a circuit	V=I×R	Passive; used in almost all electrical circuits
2	tụ điện	Stores electrical energy	Q=C×V	Passive; used in filters, signal coupling
3	Cuộn cảm	Stores energy in a magnetic field	V=L×dtdi	Passive; used in filters, transformers
4	Điốt	Allows current to flow in only one direction	I=I0(enkTqV−1)	Active; rectification, signal clipping
5	Transistor (BJT)	Amplifies current	IC=β×IB	Active; amplification, switching
6	Transistor (MOSFET)	Voltage-controlled switch	ID=K(VGS−Vt)2	Active; switching, amplification
7	Transformer	Transfers electrical energy between circuits	VsVp=NsNp	Passive; power supply, impedance matching
8	LED	Emits light when current flows through it	V=Forward Voltage	Active; indicators, displays
9	Zener Diode	Allows current to flow in the reverse direction at a specific voltage	V=VZener	Active; voltage regulation, protection
10	Fuse	Breaks circuit if current exceeds a specified amount	I=Rating	Passive; circuit protection
11	Switch	Controls the flow of current	N/A	Passive; used to open/close circuits
12	Relay	Electrically operated switch	N/A	Active; used in control systems
13	Quartz Crystal	Sets oscillation frequency	f=2πLC1	Passive; clock generators, oscillators
14	Potentiometer	Variable resistor	Vout=R1+R2R2×Vin	Passive; volume control, tuning
15	Varactor Diode	Variable capacitor	C=C0(1−VbiV)n	Active; tuning, frequency modulation
16	Photodiode	Converts light into current	I=ϕ×Q	Active; light sensing
17	Bộ khuếch đại hoạt động (Op-Amp)	Amplifies voltage	Vout=A(V+−V−)	Active; filters, signal conditioning
18	Bộ điều chỉnh điện áp	Provides constant output voltage	Vout=Constant	Active; power supply, voltage stabilization
19	Thermistor	Resistance varies with temperature	R=R0eB(T1−T01)	Passive; temperature sensing, protection
20	LDR (Photoresistor)	Resistance varies with light intensity	R=R0e−αϕ	Passive; light sensing
21	SCR (Silicon Controlled Rectifier)	Controlled rectifier	I=I0eαV	Active; motor control, phase control
22	NTC Resistor	Resistance decreases with temperature increase	R=R0eB(T1−T01)	Passive; inrush current limiting
23	PTC Resistor	Resistance increases with temperature increase	R=R0(1+αΔT)	Passive; over-current protection
24	Triac	Bidirectional controlled switch	N/A	Active; light dimming, motor control
25	Varistor	Voltage-dependent resistor	I=k(V−Vc)α	Passive; voltage protection
26	Piezoelectric Crystal	Converts mechanical force to voltage	V=k×F	Passive; sound generation, sensing
27	Hall Effect Sensor	Detects magnetic fields	V=RHIB	Active; speed and position sensing
28	IGBT (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor)	Voltage-controlled switch	VCE=VGE−VF	Active; motor drives, induction heating
29	bộ ghép quang	Electrically isolates input and output	N/A	Active; signal isolation
30	Battery	Stores and supplies electrical energy	V=E−I×r	Active; power source
31	EEPROM	Stores digital data	N/A	Active; data storage
32	555 Timer	Generates timed intervals	T=0.693×(R1+2×R2)×C	Active; oscillators, PWM generation
33	Solar Cell	Converts light into electrical energy	P=IV	Active; renewable energy
34	Voltage Divider	Divides input voltage	Vout=R1+R2R2×Vin	Passive; signal scaling, biasing
35	JFET (Junction Field Effect Transistor)	Voltage-controlled device	ID=IDSS(1−VPVGS)2	Active; amplifiers, oscillators
36	Push Button	Momentary switch	N/A	Passive; user input
37	Rotary Encoder	Measures rotational position	N/A	Active; position sensing, user input
38	DC Motor	Converts electrical energy to mechanical energy	τ=K×I	Active; robotics, fans
39	Speaker	Converts electrical energy to sound	P=IV	Active; audio playback
40	Microphone	Converts sound to electrical energy	V=k×p	Active; audio capture
41	Rectifier Bridge	Full-wave rectification	N/A	Passive; power supplies
42	Buzzer	Generates sound	N/A	Active; alarms, indicators
43	Ferrite Bead	Suppresses high-frequency noise	Z=R+jωL	Passive; noise suppression
44	Darlington Pair	Compound transistor for high current gain	IC=β2×IB	Active; high current applications
45	SMD Resistor	Surface-mounted resistor	V=I×R	Passive; miniaturized circuits
46	Reed Switch	Magnetic field-operated switch	N/A	Passive; security systems, sensors
47	Thermocouple	Measures temperature	V=k×ΔT	Passive; temperature measurement
48	Charge Pump	Increases or inverts voltage	Vout=n×Vin	Active; voltage conversion
49	Connectors	Joins electrical circuits	N/A	Passive; general-purpose
50	Logic Gates (AND, OR, NOT, etc.)	Performs logical operations	N/A	Active; digital circuits, computation
51	Oscillator	Generates periodic waveforms	f=T1	Active; frequency generation
52	Antenna	Transmits or receives electromagnetic waves	λ=fc	Passive; wireless communication
53	LCD Display	Visual output	N/A	Active; visual indicators, displays
54	Rheostat	Variable resistance	V=I×R	Passive; current control, tuning